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the industrial revolution

  • 1 World History II - The Industrial Revolution

    University: WHII.8

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > World History II - The Industrial Revolution

  • 2 révolution

    révolution [ʀevɔlysjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = changement) revolution
    • créer une petite révolution [idée, invention, procédé] to cause a stir
       b. ( = rotation) revolution
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    The term la Révolution tranquille refers to the important social, political and cultural transition that took place in Quebec from the early 1960s. As well as rapid economic expansion and a reorganization of political institutions, there was a growing sense of pride among Québécois in their specific identity as French-speaking citizens. The Révolution tranquille is thus seen as a strong affirmation of Quebec's identity as a French-speaking province. → QUÉBEC
    * * *
    ʀevɔlysjɔ̃
    1) ( changement radical) revolution
    2) ( effervescence) turmoil
    3) ( de planète) revolution
    4) Mathématique rotation
    * * *
    ʀevɔlysjɔ̃ nf
    * * *
    1 Pol revolution; provoquer une révolution to bring about a revolution; révolution scientifique/industrielle scientific/industrial revolution; ce livre est une révolution this is a revolutionary book; faire révolution dans to revolutionize; la Révolution (française or de 1789) the French Revolution;
    2 ( effervescence) turmoil; être en révolution to be in turmoil;
    3 Astron, Math rotation;
    4 ( forces) la révolution the revolutionary forces.
    révolution culturelle Cultural Revolution; révolution de juillet French revolution of July 1830; révolution nationale France's social revolution directed by Maréchal Pétain beginning in 1940; la révolution d'octobre the Russian Revolution ou the October Revolution; révolution de palais palace revolution.
    [revɔlysjɔ̃] nom féminin
    2. [changement] revolution
    faire ou causer une révolution dans quelque chose to revolutionize something
    3. [agitation] turmoil
    4. ASTRONOMIE & MATHÉMATIQUES revolution
    One of the most important events in the history of modern France, from which it emerged as a Republic with an egalitarian constitution. Precipitated by the social and financial abuses of the Ancien Régime, it was a turbulent period lasting from the Fall of the Bastille in 1789 until the end of the century. It was marked by the Declaration of Human Rights, the execution of Louis XVI, the Reign of Terror (1793-94) and war against the other European powers.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > révolution

  • 3 Revolution

    f; -, -en revolution; die 1848er Revolution the revolution of 1848; die industrielle Revolution the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    die Revolution
    revolution
    * * *
    Re|vo|lu|ti|on [revolu'tsioːn]
    f -, -en (lit, fig)
    revolution

    eine Revolution der Moral — a moral revolution, a revolution in morals

    die sanfte/friedliche Revolution — the velvet/peaceful revolution

    * * *
    ((the act of making) a successful, violent attempt to change or remove a government etc: the American Revolution.) revolution
    * * *
    Re·vo·lu·ti·on
    <-, -en>
    [revoluˈtsi̯o:n]
    f revolution
    die Französische \Revolution the French Revolution
    eine wissenschaftliche \Revolution a scientific revolution
    * * *
    die; Revolution, Revolutionen (auch fig.) revolution
    * * *
    Revolution f; -, -en revolution;
    die 1848er Revolution the revolution of 1848;
    die industrielle Revolution the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    die; Revolution, Revolutionen (auch fig.) revolution
    * * *
    f.
    revolution n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Revolution

  • 4 revolution

    ثَوْرَة \ rebellion: rebelling. revolt: a rising against the government. revolution: a violent change of government: the French Revolution of 1789; the Russian Revolution of 1917, a complete change (in ways of doing things) the Industrial Revolution in English history (the change from goods made at home by hand, to goods made in factories by machines). upheaval: a sudden violent movement below the surface; a sudden great change that causes confusion.

    Arabic-English glossary > revolution

  • 5 révolution industrielle

    nf
    * * *

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > révolution industrielle

  • 6 industrial

    adj.
    industrial.
    f. & m.
    1 industrialist.
    2 industrial, employee in an industry.
    * * *
    1 industrial
    1 industrialist, manufacturer
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=de la industria) industrial
    2) (=no casero) factory-made, industrially produced
    3) * (=enorme) huge, massive
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo industrial
    II
    masculino y femenino industrialist
    * * *
    = industrial, industrialist.
    Nota: Nombre.
    Ex. And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.
    Ex. Producers, whether scientists, inventors or industrialists, must record all their technological achievements.
    ----
    * académico-industrial = academic-industrial.
    * ciudad industrial = industrial town.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * compañía industrial = industrial firm.
    * complejo industial = industrial park.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * diseño industrial = industrial design.
    * disputa industrial = industrial dispute.
    * encuadernación industrial = edition binding, trade binding.
    * filtración de secreto industrial = industry leak.
    * industrial del motor, la = motor trade, the.
    * información industrial = industrial information.
    * máquina industrial = manufacturing equipment.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * polígono industrial = industrial park.
    * potencia industrial = industrial power.
    * producto industrial = industrial product.
    * proletariado industrial = industrial proletariat.
    * revolución industrial, la = industrial revolution, the.
    * ruido industrial = industrial noise.
    * secreto industrial = trade secret, competitive information.
    * sector industrial, el = industrial sector, the.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * sociología industrial = industrial sociology.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * superpotencia industrial = industrial superpower.
    * vertido industrial = industrial effluent.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo industrial
    II
    masculino y femenino industrialist
    * * *
    = industrial, industrialist.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.

    Ex: Producers, whether scientists, inventors or industrialists, must record all their technological achievements.
    * académico-industrial = academic-industrial.
    * ciudad industrial = industrial town.
    * Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas (NACE) = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).
    * compañía industrial = industrial firm.
    * complejo industial = industrial park.
    * desarrollo industrial = industrial development.
    * diseño industrial = industrial design.
    * disputa industrial = industrial dispute.
    * encuadernación industrial = edition binding, trade binding.
    * filtración de secreto industrial = industry leak.
    * industrial del motor, la = motor trade, the.
    * información industrial = industrial information.
    * máquina industrial = manufacturing equipment.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * polígono industrial = industrial park.
    * potencia industrial = industrial power.
    * producto industrial = industrial product.
    * proletariado industrial = industrial proletariat.
    * revolución industrial, la = industrial revolution, the.
    * ruido industrial = industrial noise.
    * secreto industrial = trade secret, competitive information.
    * sector industrial, el = industrial sector, the.
    * sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.
    * sociología industrial = industrial sociology.
    * suministro industrial = industrial supply.
    * superpotencia industrial = industrial superpower.
    * vertido industrial = industrial effluent.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.

    * * *
    ‹sector/zona/desarrollo› industrial; ‹maquinaria/instalaciones› industrial
    industrialist
    * * *

    industrial adjetivo
    industrial
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    industrialist
    industrial
    I adjetivo industrial
    polígono industrial, industrial estate
    II mf industrialist
    ' industrial' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    accidente
    - cámara
    - conflicto
    - desarrollo
    - desechos
    - laboral
    - perita
    - perito
    - polígono
    - relojería
    - sociedad
    - caldera
    - cinturón
    - complejo
    - ingeniero
    - mecánico
    - movilización
    - zona
    English:
    dispute
    - engineer
    - industrial
    - industrial action
    - industrial area
    - industrial espionage
    - industrial estate
    - industrial unrest
    - industrialist
    - manufacturing
    - trading estate
    - cash
    - fair
    - heavy
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la industria] industrial
    2. Fam [muy grande]
    fumaba cantidades industriales de habanos he used to smoke vast quantities of cigars;
    había cerveza en cantidades industriales there were gallons of beer
    ♦ nmf
    industrialist
    * * *
    I adj industrial;
    cantidad industrial fam massive amount fam
    II m/f industrialist
    * * *
    : industrial
    : industrialist, manufacturer
    * * *
    industrial adj industrial

    Spanish-English dictionary > industrial

  • 7 revolución industrial

    f.
    industrial revolution.
    * * *
    la revolución industrial
    (n.) = industrial revolution, the

    Ex: The changing work environment since the Industrial Revolution has been degenerative.

    Spanish-English dictionary > revolución industrial

  • 8 revolución industrial, la

    (n.) = industrial revolution, the
    Ex. The changing work environment since the Industrial Revolution has been degenerative.

    Spanish-English dictionary > revolución industrial, la

  • 9 la Revolución Industrial

    the Industrial Revolution

    Spanish-English dictionary > la Revolución Industrial

  • 10 המהפכה התעשייתית

    the industrial revolution

    Hebrew-English dictionary > המהפכה התעשייתית

  • 11 teollisuuden läpimurto

    • the industrial revolution
    • industrial revolution

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > teollisuuden läpimurto

  • 12 revolución

    f.
    1 revolution, insurrection, revolt, rising.
    2 revolution, rev, spin, rotating motion.
    3 revolution, radical and pervasive change, far-reaching change, fundamental change.
    * * *
    1 revolution
    \
    la Revolución Francesa the French Revolution
    la Revolución Industrial the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Téc) revolution
    2) (Pol) revolution
    * * *
    1) (Hist, Pol) revolution
    2) (Tec) revolution

    revoluciones por minuto — revolutions o revs per minute

    * * *
    = revolt, revolution, upheaval, rebellion, spin.
    Ex. But the building plans were nearly jeopardised several times in a politically charged atmosphere that led to a tax-payer revolt in California.
    Ex. For a year or two, any wholesome grass-roots group, aiming at anything from wholemeal bread to revolution, would tap one public agency or another.
    Ex. Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.
    Ex. While Danish librarians used the 68 rebellion to improve their working conditions, Swedish colleagues changed library services.
    Ex. This paper dscusses the development in CD-ROM drive speeds since the 1985 base rate of a constant 150 KB/s with a spin range of 300-500 rotations per seconds.
    ----
    * anterior a la revolución = pre-revolutional.
    * contrarrevolución = counterrevolution.
    * experimentar una revolución = enter + a revolution.
    * revolución de la información, la = information revolution, the.
    * revolución digital, la = digital revolution, the.
    * revoluciones por minuto (rpm) = rev/min (revolutions per minute), rpm (revolutions per minute).
    * Revolución Francesa, la = French Revolution, the.
    * revolución industrial, la = industrial revolution, the.
    * revolución política = political revolution.
    * revolución sexual, la = sexual revolution, the.
    * * *
    1) (Hist, Pol) revolution
    2) (Tec) revolution

    revoluciones por minuto — revolutions o revs per minute

    * * *
    = revolt, revolution, upheaval, rebellion, spin.

    Ex: But the building plans were nearly jeopardised several times in a politically charged atmosphere that led to a tax-payer revolt in California.

    Ex: For a year or two, any wholesome grass-roots group, aiming at anything from wholemeal bread to revolution, would tap one public agency or another.
    Ex: Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.
    Ex: While Danish librarians used the 68 rebellion to improve their working conditions, Swedish colleagues changed library services.
    Ex: This paper dscusses the development in CD-ROM drive speeds since the 1985 base rate of a constant 150 KB/s with a spin range of 300-500 rotations per seconds.
    * anterior a la revolución = pre-revolutional.
    * contrarrevolución = counterrevolution.
    * experimentar una revolución = enter + a revolution.
    * revolución de la información, la = information revolution, the.
    * revolución digital, la = digital revolution, the.
    * revoluciones por minuto (rpm) = rev/min (revolutions per minute), rpm (revolutions per minute).
    * Revolución Francesa, la = French Revolution, the.
    * revolución industrial, la = industrial revolution, the.
    * revolución política = political revolution.
    * revolución sexual, la = sexual revolution, the.

    * * *
    A ( Hist, Pol) revolution
    Compuestos:
    cultural revolution
    palace coup
    industrial revolution
    B ( Tec) revolution
    revoluciones por minuto revolutions o revs per minute
    * * *

    revolución sustantivo femenino
    revolution
    revolución sustantivo femenino revolution
    ' revolución' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gestarse
    - encabezar
    - sofocar
    English:
    rev
    - revolution
    - stir up
    - turn
    - industrial
    * * *
    1. [cambio profundo] revolution
    Hist la Revolución Cultural the Cultural Revolution; Hist la Revolución Francesa the French Revolution; Hist la Revolución Industrial the Industrial Revolution;
    revolución de palacio palace revolution
    2. [giro, vuelta] revolution, rev;
    33 revoluciones por minuto 33 revolutions per minute
    * * *
    f revolution
    * * *
    revolución nf, pl - ciones : revolution
    * * *
    revolución n revolution

    Spanish-English dictionary > revolución

  • 13 industriell

    Adj. industrial; die industrielle Revolution HIST. the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    industrial
    * * *
    in|dust|ri|ẹll [ɪndʊstri'ɛl]
    1. adj
    industrial
    2. adv
    industrially

    Japan hat nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg industriell enorm expandiert — Japan experienced a period of enormous industrial expansion or development after World War II

    * * *
    (having, concerning etc industries or the making of goods: That area of the country is industrial rather than agricultural.) industrial
    * * *
    in·dus·tri·ell
    [ɪndʊstriˈɛl]
    adj industrial
    \industrielle Fertigung/Produkte industrial production/products
    die \industrielle Revolution the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. industrial

    die industrielle Revolution — (hist.) the Industrial Revolution

    2.
    adverbial industrially
    * * *
    industriell adj industrial;
    die industrielle Revolution HIST the Industrial Revolution
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. industrial

    die industrielle Revolution — (hist.) the Industrial Revolution

    2.
    adverbial industrially
    * * *
    adj.
    industrial adj. adv.
    industrially adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > industriell

  • 14 Arkwright, Sir Richard

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 23 December 1732 Preston, England
    d. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.
    [br]
    Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.
    In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1786.
    Bibliography
    1769, British patent no. 931.
    1775, British patent no. 1,111.
    Further Reading
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).
    R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).
    R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).
    A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).
    F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Arkwright, Sir Richard

  • 15 промышленная революция

    3) Diplomatic term: Industrial Revolution (вторая половина XVIII в. и первая половина XIX в. в Англии)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > промышленная революция

  • 16 pasar de moda

    to go out of fashion
    * * *
    (v.) = drop out of + vogue, go out of + fashion, go out of + favour, go out of + date, go out of + vogue, fall out of + vogue, go out of + style, pass away, obsolesce, drop out of + circulation
    Ex. As a word drops out of vogue, the concept that it represents will, with time, gradually be described by a new term.
    Ex. Sawn-in cords, giving flat spines, were common in the mid seventeenth century, but then went out of fashion until they were reintroduced in about 1760.
    Ex. The author follows the history through to the point, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, when mirror-image monograms went out of favour and were replaced by straightforward monograms.
    Ex. Information in the humanities does not readily go out of date.
    Ex. The name 'Canaan', never very popular, went out of vogue with the collapse of the Egyptian empire.
    Ex. He points out that these metaphors fell out of vogue in the early 1980s.
    Ex. While Gothic never went out of style in Britain, the Baroque came to be associated with the classical debased by the Industrial Revolution.
    Ex. These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex. The entire hardware of Western industrialism has been obsolesced and 'etherealized' by the new surround of electronic information services.
    Ex. Many songs that were once well-known but dropped out of circulation during the mid-20th century have become well known again in recent years.
    * * *
    (v.) = drop out of + vogue, go out of + fashion, go out of + favour, go out of + date, go out of + vogue, fall out of + vogue, go out of + style, pass away, obsolesce, drop out of + circulation

    Ex: As a word drops out of vogue, the concept that it represents will, with time, gradually be described by a new term.

    Ex: Sawn-in cords, giving flat spines, were common in the mid seventeenth century, but then went out of fashion until they were reintroduced in about 1760.
    Ex: The author follows the history through to the point, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, when mirror-image monograms went out of favour and were replaced by straightforward monograms.
    Ex: Information in the humanities does not readily go out of date.
    Ex: The name 'Canaan', never very popular, went out of vogue with the collapse of the Egyptian empire.
    Ex: He points out that these metaphors fell out of vogue in the early 1980s.
    Ex: While Gothic never went out of style in Britain, the Baroque came to be associated with the classical debased by the Industrial Revolution.
    Ex: These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex: The entire hardware of Western industrialism has been obsolesced and 'etherealized' by the new surround of electronic information services.
    Ex: Many songs that were once well-known but dropped out of circulation during the mid-20th century have become well known again in recent years.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pasar de moda

  • 17 Radcliffe, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1761 Mellor, Cheshire, England
    d. 1842 Mellor, Cheshire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the sizing machine.
    [br]
    Radcliffe was brought up in the textile industry and learned carding and spinning as a child. When he was old enough, he became a weaver. It was a time when there were not enough weavers to work up all the yarn being spun on the recently invented spinning machines, so some yarn was exported. Radcliffe regarded this as a sin; meetings were held to prohibit the export, and Radcliffe promised to use his best endeavours to discover means to work up the yarn in England. He owned a mill at Mellor and by 1801 was employing over 1,000 hand-loom weavers. He wanted to improve their efficiency so they could compete against power looms, which were beginning to be introduced at that time.
    His first step was to divide up as much as possible the different weaving processes, not unlike the plan adopted by Arkwright in spinning. In order to strengthen the warp yarns made of cotton and to reduce their tendency to fray during weaving, it was customary to apply an adhesive substance such as starch paste. This was brushed on as the warp was unwound from the back beam during weaving, so only short lengths could be treated before being dried. Instead of dressing the warp in the loom as was hitherto done, Radcliffe had it dressed in a separate machine, relieving the weaver of the trouble and saving the time wasted by the method previously used. Radcliffe employed a young man names Thomas Johnson, who proved to be a clever mechanic. Radcliffe patented his inventions in Johnson's name to avoid other people, especially foreigners, finding out his ideas. He took out his first patent, for a dressing machine, in March 1803 and a second the following year. The combined result of the two patents was the introduction of a beaming machine and a dressing machine which, in addition to applying the paste to the yarns and then drying them, wound them onto a beam ready for the loom. These machines enabled the weaver to work a loom with fewer stoppages; however, Radcliffe did not anticipate that his method of sizing would soon be applied to power looms as well and lead to the commercial success of powered weaving. Other manufacturers quickly adopted Radcliffe's system, and Radcliffe himself soon had to introduce power looms in his own business.
    Radcliffe improved the hand looms themselves when, with the help of Johnson, he devised a cloth taking-up motion that wound the woven cloth onto a roller automatically as the weaver operated the loom. Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and was also later adapted for weaving by power. Radcliffe was among the witnesses before the Parliamentary Committee which in 1808 awarded Edmund Cartwright a grant for his invention of the power loom. Later Radcliffe was unsuccessfully to petition Parliament for a similar reward for his contributions to the introduction of power weaving. His business affairs ultimately failed partly through his own obstinacy and his continued opposition to the export of cotton yarn. He lived to be 81 years old and was buried in Mellor churchyard.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1811, Exportation of Cotton Yarn and Real Cause of the Distress that has Fallen upon the Cotton Trade for a Series of Years Past, Stockport.
    1828, Origin of the New System of Manufacture, Commonly Called "Power-Loom Weaving", Stockport (this should be read, even though it is mostly covers Radcliffe's political aims).
    Further Reading
    A.Barlow, 1870, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides an outline of Radcliffe's life and work).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a general background of his inventions). R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a general background).
    D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (discusses the spread of the sizing machine in America).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Radcliffe, William

  • 18 inconformista

    adj.
    nonconformist.
    f. & m.
    nonconformist, lone disenter, independent, loner.
    * * *
    1 nonconformist
    1 nonconformist
    * * *
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino nonconformist
    * * *
    = anti-establishment, nonconformist, maverick, rebel.
    Ex. There was also a swell of private endeavour, particularly from people who thought of themselves as anti-establishment, counter-culture groups.
    Ex. There were popular religious works, mainly by later seventeenth century nonconformist divines, of which the most famous was of course John Bunyan.
    Ex. The third example from Canada is somewhat of a maverick, in that it is related more to the British models of Bretton and Longsight.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The Luddites and their war on the Industrial Revolution: rebels against the future: lessons for the computer age'.
    ----
    * joven inconformista = beatnik.
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino nonconformist
    * * *
    = anti-establishment, nonconformist, maverick, rebel.

    Ex: There was also a swell of private endeavour, particularly from people who thought of themselves as anti-establishment, counter-culture groups.

    Ex: There were popular religious works, mainly by later seventeenth century nonconformist divines, of which the most famous was of course John Bunyan.
    Ex: The third example from Canada is somewhat of a maverick, in that it is related more to the British models of Bretton and Longsight.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The Luddites and their war on the Industrial Revolution: rebels against the future: lessons for the computer age'.
    * joven inconformista = beatnik.

    * * *
    adj/mf
    nonconformist
    * * *

    inconformista adjetivo, masculino y femenino
    nonconformist
    inconformista adjetivo & mf nonconformist
    ' inconformista' also found in these entries:
    English:
    maverick
    - nonconformist
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    nonconformist
    ♦ nmf
    nonconformist
    * * *
    m/f non-conformist
    * * *
    inconformista adj & nmf
    : nonconformist

    Spanish-English dictionary > inconformista

  • 19 Boulsover, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1704
    d. 1788
    [br]
    English cutler, metalworker and inventor of Sheffield plate.
    [br]
    Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.
    The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1937, Matthew Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (describes Boulsover's innovation and further development of Sheffield plate).
    J.Holland, 1834, Manufactures in Metal III, 354–8.
    For activities in steel see: K.C.Barraclough, 1991, "Steel in the Industrial Revolution", in J.Day and R.F.Tylecote (eds), The Industrial Revolution in Metals, The Institute of Metals.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Boulsover, Thomas

  • 20 Cockerill, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1759 Lancashire, England
    d. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)
    [br]
    English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.
    [br]
    William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).
    RTS / RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cockerill, William

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